At first glance, it might seem like flushing a toilet is an uncomplicated task that requires no energy. Yet, our research points to a contrary conclusion.
In this article, we delve into the science behind toilet flushing and uncover the hidden energy sources at play. By examining the electricity vs gravity debate and quantifying energy consumption, we shed light on the environmental implications of this everyday action.
Get ready to master the art of eco-friendly flushing!
Key Takeaways
- Flushing the toilet uses energy as the flush mechanism activates the flow of water into the toilet bowl.
- Understanding water pressure is crucial for plumbing systems and energy usage, with the ideal water pressure for residential properties being between 40 to 60 psi.
- Maintaining and controlling water pressure directly impacts plumbing system functionality and efficiency, and implementing water-saving techniques significantly reduces energy consumption in plumbing systems.
- Gravity is the primary energy source in traditional toilets, creating a siphoning effect, while some modern toilets utilize electricity for additional features but not for the flushing process itself.
The Science of Toilet Flushing
We’ll explain how toilets use energy when flushing. Understanding the flushing mechanics of toilets is crucial in comprehending their energy usage. The process starts with the activation of the flush mechanism, typically a lever or button, which initiates the flow of water into the toilet bowl. As the water fills the bowl, it creates a siphon effect, pulling the waste and wastewater down the drain. This siphoning action is powered by the potential energy stored in the water as it flows from the tank to the bowl.
Toilet manufacturers have made significant advancements in water-saving innovations to reduce the energy required for flushing. Dual-flush toilets, for example, provide two flushing options depending on the waste volume. The reduced flush option uses less water, thereby minimizing energy consumption. Additionally, pressure-assisted toilets utilize compressed air to force water into the bowl, resulting in a more efficient flush.
It is important to note that the energy used for toilet flushing is primarily in the form of water and not electricity. However, water is a valuable resource, and by adopting water-saving technologies, we can contribute to both energy and water conservation efforts.
Understanding Water Pressure
Understanding water pressure is crucial when it comes to plumbing systems and energy usage. By grasping the basics of water pressure, we can better comprehend its impact on the efficiency and functionality of our toilets and other water-consuming appliances.
Additionally, understanding water pressure allows us to implement energy-saving techniques that can help reduce our overall energy consumption and contribute to a more sustainable future.
Water Pressure Basics
By adjusting the water pressure, we can ensure efficient flushing of toilets.
Water pressure maintenance and control are crucial in maintaining the proper functioning of toilets and maximizing water efficiency.
Water pressure refers to the force at which water is delivered through pipes and fixtures. It’s measured in pounds per square inch (psi).
The ideal water pressure for most residential properties is between 40 to 60 psi.
If the water pressure is too high, it can cause excessive water use, leaks, and damage to plumbing fixtures.
On the other hand, if the water pressure is too low, it may result in weak flushing, clogs, and inefficient water usage.
Regular monitoring and adjustment of water pressure are essential to ensure optimal toilet performance and water conservation.
Impact on Plumbing Systems
Maintaining and controlling water pressure in plumbing systems directly impacts their overall functionality and efficiency. Understanding the impact of water pressure on plumbing systems is crucial for optimizing water consumption and minimizing maintenance costs.
Here are three key points to consider:
- Optimal water pressure: Plumbing systems require a specific level of water pressure to function effectively. Too low pressure can result in weak water flow, while excessive pressure can cause leaks, burst pipes, and other costly damages.
- Water conservation: Properly regulated water pressure helps in reducing water consumption. By maintaining the right pressure, you can avoid wastage and ensure efficient use of water resources.
- Minimized maintenance costs: Maintaining the correct water pressure helps prolong the lifespan of plumbing systems. By preventing damage caused by high or low pressure, you can avoid costly repairs and replacements, saving money in the long run.
Energy-Saving Techniques
We can optimize energy usage by implementing energy-saving techniques that revolve around understanding and managing water pressure in plumbing systems. By controlling water pressure, we can reduce the amount of energy needed to deliver water throughout the system.
One effective water-saving technique is the installation of pressure-reducing valves (PRVs), which regulate the water pressure entering a building. By reducing the pressure to a more appropriate level, PRVs can minimize water waste and prevent excessive strain on pipes and fixtures.
Another technique is the use of low-flow fixtures, such as aerators and showerheads, which restrict the flow of water while maintaining adequate pressure. These eco-friendly plumbing solutions not only conserve water but also contribute to energy savings by reducing the amount of heated water required.
By implementing these water-saving techniques, we can significantly reduce energy consumption in our plumbing systems.
Transition: Now that we understand how energy-saving techniques can optimize water pressure, let’s explore the different energy sources used in toilet systems.
Energy Sources in Toilet Systems
While toilets may seem like simple fixtures, understanding the energy sources involved in their operation is crucial. The energy sources in toilet systems play a significant role in toilet efficiency and water consumption. Here are three key energy sources commonly used in toilet systems:
- Gravity: Gravity is the primary energy source in traditional toilets. When the flush valve is opened, gravity pulls the water down the drain, creating a siphoning effect. This gravitational force helps to remove waste from the bowl and transport it to the sewer system.
- Electricity: Some modern toilets utilize electricity to enhance their flushing capabilities. Electric toilets often feature additional mechanisms, such as pressure-assisted flush systems or electric pumps, which increase the force of the flush. These systems can improve toilet efficiency by reducing the amount of water needed for each flush.
- Hybrid Systems: Hybrid toilet systems combine both gravity and electricity to optimize flushing performance. These systems use gravity to initiate the flush and electricity to enhance the flushing force. By utilizing both energy sources, hybrid systems can achieve efficient and powerful flushes while conserving water.
Understanding the energy sources in toilet systems is essential for making informed decisions about toilet efficiency and water consumption. Now, let’s delve into the next section and explore the question: electricity vs gravity: which is used?
Electricity Vs Gravity: Which Is Used
When considering the question of electricity versus gravity in toilet flushing, it’s important to analyze the energy sources involved and the efficiency of the process.
In some cases, toilets may rely on electrically-powered mechanisms to generate water pressure and initiate the flushing action.
However, many traditional toilets utilize the force of gravity to remove waste, requiring no electricity.
Understanding the energy efficiency of different flushing systems can help us make informed choices about our toilet usage and its impact on energy consumption.
Electricity or Water Pressure
The energy used for flushing the toilet is primarily derived from water pressure rather than electricity. This is because toilets operate on a simple mechanism that relies on the force of water to remove waste.
Here are three key points to understand the role of electricity and water pressure in toilet flushing:
- Gravity-powered system: Most toilets use a gravity-powered system where water stored in the tank is released into the bowl, creating enough force to push waste down the drain. This process doesn’t require any electricity consumption.
- Electric-assisted toilets: Some modern toilets come with additional features like heated seats or bidet functions that require electricity. However, these features don’t directly impact the flushing process itself.
- Water conservation: By relying on water pressure instead of electricity, flushing toilets contribute to water conservation efforts. This is because water pressure is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly source of energy compared to electricity.
Energy Efficiency of Flushing
To further understand the energy efficiency of flushing toilets, let’s explore the difference in energy usage between electricity and gravity.
When it comes to toilet flushing efficiency, gravity has a clear advantage over electricity. Gravity-based flush systems rely on the force of gravity to remove waste from the toilet bowl and carry it down the drain. This requires no additional energy input, making gravity flush toilets highly energy efficient.
On the other hand, electric flush toilets use a pump or motor to create the necessary water pressure for flushing. This means that electricity is required to operate these toilets, resulting in higher energy consumption compared to gravity flush systems.
As water-saving techniques become increasingly important, gravity flush toilets prove to be a more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient option.
How Much Energy Does Toilet Flushing Consume
Toilet flushing consumes a significant amount of energy. This energy consumption not only affects our utility bills but also has an environmental impact. Understanding how much energy toilet flushing consumes can help us make informed decisions about water usage and conservation. Here are three key points to consider:
- Average energy consumption: On average, each flush of a standard toilet uses approximately 1.6 gallons (6 liters) of water. This equates to about 1.28 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of energy per flush.
- Annual energy consumption: The average person flushes the toilet about five times a day. This amounts to a daily energy consumption of 6.4 kWh and an annual consumption of approximately 2,336 kWh per person. Multiply this by the number of people using the toilet in a household to estimate the energy consumed.
- Environmental impact: The energy used for toilet flushing primarily comes from the water treatment process and water distribution systems. These processes contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and energy waste. By reducing toilet flushes or using more energy-efficient toilets, we can minimize the environmental impact associated with toilet flushing.
Toilet flushing may seem like a small action, but its cumulative energy consumption can have a significant impact on both our utility bills and the environment. By being mindful of our water usage and exploring energy-efficient options, we can reduce our overall energy consumption and contribute to a more sustainable future.
Factors Affecting Energy Consumption
When considering the factors affecting energy consumption in toilet flushing, two key points emerge: appliance efficiency standards and water conservation measures.
Appliance efficiency standards play a crucial role in determining the energy usage of toilets, as higher efficiency models require less energy to operate.
Additionally, implementing water conservation measures, such as dual-flush systems or low-flow toilets, can significantly reduce the amount of water and energy consumed per flush.
Appliance Efficiency Standards
Our household appliances’ energy consumption is greatly influenced by appliance efficiency standards. These standards are designed to ensure that appliances perform optimally while minimizing energy consumption.
Here are three key factors that affect energy consumption in appliances:
- Energy Efficiency Labels: Appliances often come with energy efficiency labels that provide information about their energy consumption. These labels allow consumers to compare the energy efficiency of different models and make informed choices.
- Energy Star Certification: The Energy Star certification program sets high standards for energy efficiency in appliances. Appliances with Energy Star certification are designed to consume less energy while still delivering the same level of performance.
- Minimum Efficiency Standards: Governments set minimum efficiency standards for various appliances. These standards ensure that even the least efficient models in the market meet certain energy efficiency requirements.
Water Conservation Measures
Water conservation measures play a crucial role in reducing energy consumption, as they directly impact the efficiency of household appliances. By implementing water saving innovations and eco-friendly plumbing, households can significantly decrease their energy usage. These measures not only conserve precious water resources but also contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly lifestyle.
To better understand the impact of water conservation measures on energy consumption, let’s take a look at the following table:
| Water Conservation Measures | Energy Savings (in kWh) | Water Savings (in gallons) |
|---|---|---|
| Low-flow faucets | 100 | 10,000 |
| Dual-flush toilets | 150 | 15,000 |
| Efficient showerheads | 80 | 8,000 |
As shown in the table, adopting water-saving innovations can lead to significant energy savings. Low-flow faucets, dual-flush toilets, and efficient showerheads not only reduce water usage but also result in substantial reductions in energy consumption. These measures are essential in achieving a more sustainable and efficient household.
Flushing Mechanisms: Manual Vs Automatic
Using a manual or automatic flushing mechanism in toilets can impact the energy consumption of the flushing process. When considering water-saving technologies, manual flushing has some clear benefits. Here are three reasons why manual flushing can be a more energy-efficient choice:
- Precision Control: With a manual flushing mechanism, users have complete control over the amount of water used for each flush. This allows for more accurate water conservation, as only the necessary amount of water is used.
- No Unnecessary Flushes: In automatic flushing systems, sensors can sometimes misinterpret movements, leading to unnecessary flushes. Manual flushing eliminates this issue, ensuring that water is only used when needed.
- Energy-Free Operation: Manual flushing mechanisms don’t rely on any external power source, making them more energy-efficient compared to automatic flushing systems that require electricity or batteries to operate.
Transitioning to the subsequent section on energy-efficient toilet designs, it’s important to consider how flushing mechanisms play a significant role in overall energy consumption. By choosing manual flushing mechanisms, individuals can actively contribute to reducing energy usage and promoting sustainability in their daily lives.
Energy-efficient Toilet Designs
When it comes to energy-efficient toilet designs, there are several key points to consider.
One is the use of water-saving flush mechanisms, which can significantly reduce water consumption per flush.
Another option is the availability of dual-flush toilets, allowing users to choose a lighter or heavier flush depending on their needs.
Finally, efficient toilet materials, such as low-flow toilets made from eco-friendly materials, can also contribute to energy savings and sustainability.
Water-Saving Flush Mechanisms
We frequently choose energy-efficient toilet designs with water-saving flush mechanisms. These innovative technologies not only reduce water consumption but also contribute to sustainable living.
Here are three water-saving flush mechanisms that are commonly used:
- Dual Flush Toilets: These toilets have two buttons or handles, allowing users to choose between a full flush for solid waste and a partial flush for liquid waste. This option helps conserve water by using only the necessary amount for each type of waste.
- Pressure-Assisted Toilets: These toilets use compressed air or water pressure to create a more powerful flush, requiring less water compared to traditional gravity-based toilets. This mechanism effectively removes waste while using less water per flush.
- Low-Flow Toilets: These toilets are designed to use significantly less water per flush, usually around 1.6 gallons or less. They achieve this by using innovative bowl and trapway designs, ensuring efficient waste removal with minimal water usage.
Dual-Flush Options
In our pursuit of energy-efficient toilet designs, one option that stands out is the incorporation of dual-flush mechanisms. These mechanisms provide users with the ability to choose between two different flush options: a full flush for solid waste and a reduced flush for liquid waste.
By giving users the option to select the appropriate flush, dual-flush toilets can significantly reduce water consumption. Studies have shown that dual-flush toilets can save up to 68% more water compared to traditional toilets.
This water-saving solution not only benefits the environment but also helps to reduce water bills for households and businesses. The dual flush benefits are clear – it’s an effective and practical way to conserve water without sacrificing functionality.
Efficient Toilet Materials
To maximize energy efficiency, it’s important to consider the use of efficient toilet materials in the design of energy-efficient toilets. Efficient toilet materials can greatly contribute to overall water-saving innovations and reduce the energy required for flushing. Here are three key factors to consider when it comes to efficient toilet design:
- Low-flow toilets: These toilets are designed to use less water per flush compared to traditional toilets. They typically have a maximum flush volume of 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf), significantly reducing water consumption.
- Dual-flush toilets: These toilets offer two flush options – a half flush for liquid waste and a full flush for solid waste. By providing different flush volumes for different types of waste, dual-flush systems help conserve water.
- Pressure-assisted toilets: These toilets use air pressure to enhance flushing power, allowing for effective waste removal with less water. The pressurized flush ensures efficient cleaning while minimizing water usage.
Considering these efficient toilet materials and design features can significantly contribute to water conservation and energy efficiency.
Now, let’s delve into the impact of dual-flush systems.
The Impact of Dual-flush Systems
The impact of dual-flush systems on energy consumption is significant. These systems have revolutionized the way we use toilets by providing us with the ability to choose between a full flush and a half flush, depending on the waste being disposed of. This innovative design has several advantages, one of which is its water-saving technique.
Dual-flush toilets use significantly less water compared to traditional toilets, as they allow users to use less water for liquid waste with the half flush option. This not only reduces water usage but also lowers energy consumption associated with water treatment and distribution.
According to studies, dual-flush systems can save up to 67% of water compared to conventional toilets. This reduction in water usage directly translates into energy savings, as less energy is required to treat and distribute water. In addition, the reduced strain on water treatment plants leads to decreased energy consumption in the overall water treatment process.
The implementation of dual-flush systems has had a positive impact on energy consumption, highlighting the importance of innovative water-saving technologies. As we move forward, it becomes crucial to explore further innovations in water-saving technologies that can continue to reduce our energy footprint and promote sustainability.
Innovations in Water-saving Technologies
How can we continue to advance water-saving technologies to further reduce our energy footprint and promote sustainability?
Here are three water-saving innovations that are making a significant impact in the field of sustainable plumbing solutions:
- Low-flow fixtures: These fixtures, such as low-flow toilets and showerheads, are designed to minimize water usage without compromising performance. By incorporating aerators and pressure regulators, they can reduce water flow by up to 50% compared to traditional fixtures. This not only conserves water but also reduces the energy required to heat and transport it.
- Greywater recycling systems: Greywater refers to gently used water from sources like sinks, showers, and washing machines. Instead of being discarded, this water can be treated and recycled for non-potable purposes like toilet flushing, irrigation, and laundry. By reusing greywater, these systems significantly reduce the demand for fresh water and relieve the strain on water supplies.
- Smart irrigation systems: These systems utilize advanced technologies, such as soil moisture sensors and weather data, to optimize irrigation schedules and minimize water waste. By delivering water only when and where it’s needed, smart irrigation systems can reduce water consumption by up to 60%. This not only conserves water but also reduces the energy required to pump and distribute it.
These water-saving innovations demonstrate the immense potential for reducing water usage and promoting sustainability in our daily lives. By adopting these technologies, we can contribute to a more efficient and eco-friendly future.
Tips for Minimizing Energy Usage
As we continue our exploration of water-saving technologies, let’s now delve into practical tips for minimizing energy usage.
When it comes to water conservation and sustainable living, it’s important to consider the energy footprint of our daily activities. One effective way to reduce energy consumption is by using energy-efficient appliances. For example, replacing old, inefficient washing machines and dishwashers with energy-saving models can significantly lower energy usage. Additionally, taking shorter showers and using low-flow showerheads can save both water and energy.
Another tip for minimizing energy usage is to be mindful of how we use hot water. Insulating hot water pipes and setting the water heater temperature to 120 degrees Fahrenheit can help reduce energy waste. Additionally, washing clothes in cold water instead of hot can save a substantial amount of energy.
Lastly, being conscious of our lighting choices can make a difference in energy consumption. Opting for energy-efficient light bulbs, such as LED or CFL bulbs, can significantly reduce electricity usage. Furthermore, utilizing natural light during the day and turning off lights when not in use can further contribute to energy savings.
By implementing these tips for minimizing energy usage, we can’t only contribute to water conservation and sustainable living but also reduce our carbon footprint.
In the next section, we’ll explore the eco-friendly solution of reusing greywater.
Reusing Greywater: An Eco-friendly Solution
To minimize energy usage and promote sustainable living, we can explore the eco-friendly solution of reusing greywater. Greywater refers to the slightly used water from bathroom sinks, showers, and laundry machines. Instead of letting this water go to waste, it can be treated and reused for purposes such as toilet flushing or irrigation.
Here are three reasons why greywater filtration and water reuse systems are an effective solution:
- Conservation of water: By reusing greywater, we can significantly reduce our overall water consumption. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), reusing greywater can save up to 40% of indoor water use in a typical household.
- Energy savings: Treating and reusing greywater requires less energy compared to treating and distributing fresh water. The EPA estimates that reusing greywater can save about 5-12% of a household’s energy used for water heating.
- Environmental benefits: By implementing greywater filtration systems, we can reduce the strain on freshwater sources and decrease the amount of wastewater being discharged into rivers and oceans. This helps to protect aquatic ecosystems and preserve water resources for future generations.
The Role of Plumbing in Energy Efficiency
Plumbing plays a crucial role in improving energy efficiency in our homes. Through various plumbing innovations, we can achieve sustainable water management, reducing energy consumption and minimizing our environmental impact.
One way plumbing contributes to energy efficiency is through the use of low-flow fixtures. These fixtures, such as low-flow toilets and showerheads, are designed to reduce water usage without sacrificing performance. By using less water, less energy is required to heat and distribute it, resulting in energy savings.
Another plumbing innovation that promotes energy efficiency is the implementation of recirculating systems. These systems use pumps to circulate hot water throughout the house, ensuring that hot water is readily available at the tap without the need for excessive water wastage. By reducing the time it takes for hot water to reach the desired temperature, recirculating systems save both water and energy.
Furthermore, plumbing plays a vital role in sustainable water management, which is crucial for energy efficiency. By implementing water-saving techniques such as rainwater harvesting and graywater recycling, we can reduce reliance on traditional water sources and minimize the energy required for water treatment and distribution.
Environmental Benefits of Energy-efficient Toilets
Through these plumbing innovations, we can achieve energy savings and minimize our environmental impact, particularly when it comes to the environmental benefits of energy-efficient toilets. Eco-friendly plumbing and water-saving innovations in toilets have significant advantages in terms of conserving water and reducing our carbon footprint. Here are three key environmental benefits of energy-efficient toilets:
- Water conservation: Energy-efficient toilets utilize advanced flushing mechanisms that require less water per flush. Traditional toilets typically use around 1.6 gallons per flush, while water-saving toilets can use as little as 1.28 gallons or even less. This reduction in water usage can lead to significant water savings, especially in areas experiencing water scarcity.
- Reduced energy consumption: Energy-efficient toilets not only save water but also reduce the energy required to treat and transport water. With less water being used, less energy is needed for pumping and treating water, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions and a smaller environmental impact.
- Financial savings: Energy-efficient toilets can also lead to cost savings for homeowners and businesses. By using less water, utility bills can be reduced, resulting in long-term financial benefits.
Future Trends in Toilet Technology
In the realm of toilet technology, one exciting future trend is the development of smart toilets. These toilets are equipped with advanced features that aim to improve functionality, efficiency, and hygiene.
One such feature is the concept of waterless toilets, which are designed to eliminate the need for water in flushing. These toilets use innovative technologies such as vacuum systems or incineration to dispose of waste without the use of water. This not only conserves water but also reduces the energy required for water treatment and transportation.
Another future trend is the development of self-cleaning toilets. These toilets incorporate self-cleaning mechanisms such as ultraviolet light or special coatings that prevent the build-up of bacteria and other contaminants. By reducing the need for manual cleaning, these toilets offer convenience and improve sanitation.
The development of smart toilets with features like waterless technology and self-cleaning mechanisms has the potential to revolutionize the way we think about toilets. These advancements not only enhance user experience but also contribute to water conservation and improved hygiene.
As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative solutions in toilet technology.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can Flushing the Toilet Cause a Power Outage in My House?
Flushing the toilet typically doesn’t cause a power outage in our house. However, it’s important to understand the energy consumption of toilets.
Although they don’t directly use electricity, they rely on water pressure, which can be affected by power outages. In some cases, if a power outage affects the water supply or the sewage system, flushing the toilet may not work properly.
It’s always a good idea to have backup systems in place in case of power outages to ensure uninterrupted toilet functionality.
Do Energy-Efficient Toilets Save More Water Than Regular Toilets?
Energy-efficient toilets are an effective way to conserve water. According to a study conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency, these toilets can save up to 20% more water compared to regular toilets.
With their advanced flushing mechanisms and low flow designs, energy-efficient toilets help us reduce our water consumption without sacrificing performance.
What Are Some Common Misconceptions About the Energy Consumption of Toilet Flushing?
When it comes to water conservation and the impact on the environment, there are several common misconceptions about the energy consumption of toilet flushing.
Many people believe that flushing the toilet uses a significant amount of energy, but in reality, the energy used is minimal.
It’s important to note that the primary energy consumption associated with toilets is the water heating process, not the actual act of flushing.
Understanding these misconceptions can help us make informed decisions about water and energy usage in our homes.
Are There Any Health Risks Associated With Reusing Greywater From Toilets?
Are there any health risks associated with reusing greywater from toilets?
When considering the health benefits of reusing greywater, it’s important to assess any potential risks. Studies have shown that proper treatment and filtration of greywater can significantly reduce the presence of harmful pathogens. By implementing effective filtration systems, the risk of contamination can be minimized, ensuring the safety of individuals using greywater for non-potable purposes.
Additionally, the environmental impact of reusing greywater can be substantial, as it reduces the demand for freshwater resources.
What Are Some Potential Future Advancements in Toilet Technology That Could Further Improve Energy Efficiency?
Smart toilets and waterless toilets are potential future advancements in toilet technology that could further improve energy efficiency. These innovative designs aim to minimize water consumption and eliminate the need for traditional flushing mechanisms.
By incorporating sensor technology and advanced waste management systems, smart toilets can optimize water usage and reduce energy consumption.
Waterless toilets, on the other hand, eliminate the need for water altogether, resulting in significant energy savings.
These advancements hold great promise for creating more sustainable and energy-efficient toilet systems.
Conclusion
In conclusion, understanding the energy consumption of toilet flushing is crucial for promoting eco-friendly practices.
By utilizing gravity-based systems and exploring alternative energy sources, we can minimize the environmental impact of this everyday activity.
Reusing greywater and investing in energy-efficient toilets are also effective solutions.
As the plumbing industry continues to advance, the future holds promising trends in toilet technology that prioritize energy efficiency.
Let’s flush away wasteful habits and embrace a greener future.
With an impeccable eye for detail and a passion for bathroom-related, Ava leads our editorial team gracefully and precisely.
Under her guidance, Best Modern Toilet has flourished as the go-to resource for modern bathroom enthusiasts. In her free time, you might find Ava exploring antique shops and looking for vintage bathroom fixtures to add to her collection.
